Development of smart fruit crops by genome editing

Plant genome editing tools as Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Trans Activator-Like Effector (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) associated with Cas proteins are offering new possibilities for crop improvement insights functional genomics. In this review, we discuss (i) the findings in gene technologies, (ii) a comparison between them, (iii) their applications genetic analysis manipulation of fruit crops. Different especially CRISPR/Cas9 system, were successfully used crops such apple, banana, cacao, citrus, grape, kiwifruit, pear. Experimental designs to analyze efficiency editor presented, including manipulating key genes carotenoid biosynthesis that could allow development complete albino variegated phenotypes some cultivars. The most recent outcomes application genome-editing improve quality yields crops, juvenile phase flowering period, gibberellin generation dwarf cultivars, ethylene biosynthesis, ripening parthenocarpy, resistant/tolerant cultivars numerous pests diseases also summarized.